Is Anthropogenic Global Warming a problem and if so, why is it not Essay

Is Anthropogenic Global Warming a problem and if so, why is it not being solved - Essay Example 47). This paper will discuss the phenomenon of AGW, understand the problems and causes and examine counterviews that do not support these views. The paper will also examine the reasons as to why the problem has not been solved. 2. Understanding 'Anthropogenic Global Warming' Temperatures of the earth’s surface can change due to a number of natural reasons and these include increased volcanic activity, increased solar storms and radiation from the sun. However, these natural phenomenons are sporadic and they appear quickly, last for some time and then disappear. Nature and the environment then get an opportunity to stabilise and heal itself (Houghton, 2005, p. 45). However, since the industrial age when man started increasing his use of fossil fuels and also started using petroleum products, natural gas and thermal power plants, the impact on the environment has been severe. The use of these fossil fuels is almost non-stop and continues unabated through the year. Massive amount s of pollutants and greenhouse effect gases - GHG are released (Ruddiman, 2005, p. 76). These GHS are made of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur and other such gases. They spread in the atmosphere and re-radiate the suns rays from the atmosphere causing greenhouse effect that reheat the atmosphere and raise the temperatures. Natural carbon traps such as forests that absorb CO2 have been reduced in density. This means that less carbon is absorbed by the environment and temperatures continue to rise. Rapid urbanisation with an increase in the ‘concrete jungle’ means more heat is reflected into the atmosphere. The main reason for the increase in carbon emission as seen is due to human activity and this has given rise to the term ‘'Anthropogenic Global Warming’ (Emanuel, 2005, p. 89). 2.1. Proof and evidence Many respected and reputed organisations such as the United Nations have published data on global warming (UNFCC, 2012; Pachauri, 2007; IPCC, 2007). The year 1800 is taken as the base year when meaningful industrial activity started. The CO2 amount release in 1800 AD is taken as zero and by 2000; this figure had increased to 9 billion metric tons of CO2 equivalent per year. Similarly, the average temperatures of the atmosphere were considered as -0.4 degree centigrade in 1800. By 2000, the average temperature has increased by +0.6 degree centigrade and this is an overall increase of 1.2 degree centigrade. Worse is in store since UNO experts believe that if the present industrial activity and lifestyle continues without restraint, then the temperature build-up would be much quicker and exponential. By 2060, the average temperature rise over 1800 values would be 4 degree centigrade. At this stage, polar ice will have melted, many coastal cities and vast hinterlands would be underwater and there would probably be another ice age (Anderson, 2011). This is not some kind of fear mongering but simulations arrived at by powerful computers that have analysed weather patterns and temperature changes (Tirpak, 2005). 2.2. Counterviews of AGW Global warming and drastic climate change has unfortunately been dragged into political and corporate wars. Peden (2009) argues that AGW is nothing but a hoax started by businesspersons who want to cash in on the business opportunities that global warming provide. Chameides (2011) commenting on a news report from Fox News says that global warming is a natural phenomenon and it has been going on since earth was formed. Temperatures rise led

What drives facial diversity in primates (Central Hypothesis is Social Research Paper

What drives facial diversity in primates (Central Hypothesis is Social factors are more important in driving primate facial diversity.) - Research Paper Example Many researchers have resolved that social factors have the prevalent contribution in the emergence of primate facial diversity. Facial characteristics of primates are complex structures that are designed to fulfill several purposes. Primate face is made up of various phenotypes as it integrates various parts such as eyes, ears, nose, hair and patches of skin. All these organs differ in their traits and functions. These parts have different location, origin, colour, size and shape (Cartmill and Smith, 2009). The nature and shape of the elements in a primate face is to a great extent determined by social factors. In many social animals, facial traits offer an adequate source of information that is significant in social interaction. The face is used to express signs regarding primate behaviours, condition and identity. Given the role of face in social interaction, it is sensible to assume that social factors have a crucial contribution in enhancing facial diversity in primates. Facial diversity in primates is explained by the differences in characteristics, shape, colour and size expressed by different primate in the world. According to biologists, facial diversity among primates is highly contributed to by emerging social factors (Bradley & Lawler, 2011). The essay below will present some of the important social factors in driving primate facial diversity. In this essay, the author will provide evidence on the contribution of both social and ecological factors in directing diversity in primates. The table above illustrates the nature of social interaction among different primates in the world. It shows the social status of different players in their social settings. From the table, it is clear that the social responsibility among male and female primates varies from one primate to another. According to the table, facial diversity is highly influenced by social setting which primates engage in. Many primates spend

Peter and Harvey have ambitious plans to grow the business Essay

Peter and Harvey have ambitious plans to grow the business - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in this age, competitiveness is witnessed in each and every segment. As a result, developing a dominant position is extremely difficult in the market among other rival players. However, it might be possible only if the entrepreneurs desire to maintain a good relationship with its clients or customers. This is because; it is the relationship marketing that helps a new entrant (SPSL) to enhance its image and popularity in the market that may enhance its portfolio and reliability. Moreover, relationship marketing also acts as a weapon to enhance the profitability and productivity of the organization thereby amplifying its equity and market share to a significant extent as compared to others. Similarly, in case of SPSL, Peter and Harvey offered high concentration over relationship marketing that may amplify its total sale and revenues. This strategy might amplify the level of sustainability in the market among other existing rivals. In thi s age, awareness is an essential requirement of any business organization.   Only then, it might improve its image and demand of product lines within the minds of the customers that may amplify its reputation and profitability. However, awareness might be enhanced only with the help of promotion. Promotion might take place through the personal selling process. It is processed in which, an organization or entrepreneur recruits a wide range of sales forces or sales persons so as to sell its products.

How Can the Study of Management Help Students in Their Future Essay

How Can the Study of Management Help Students in Their Future Professional Career - Essay Example agement is undergoing numerous changes, therefore the older principles are being changed with the newer ones and thus nothing tends to remain permanent in the field of the management. The management principles need to be applied according to the requirement of the organisation since they tend to be relative concepts. It is worthy of mentioning that each of the organisation tends to be different in comparison to other because of the timing, place as well as the socio-cultural factors. However, the individuals working in a same organisation may also differ. Therefore, it is vital to apply a particular management principle according to the prevailing condition and context. There has been disagreement regarding whether the management is science or art. It can be stated that management is both science as well as art (Covey, n.d.). Historical and Socio-Cultural Perspectives It is worthy of discussing the ways through which the needs of the management development are being met with the assi stance of the historical views of management. It has been a well known fact that the management institutes that exist today were not in existence until the 1920s and the Second World War. Therefore, it can be understood that the management institutes tend to be at the early stages of development. The establishment of the management schools in the developing countries is a recent phenomenon. In adherence to the well known fact that management is a profession, it was realised that the skills, the knowledge and the capabilities can be gained by a person systematically. However, before realising this fact, on-the-job management was learned. The process of learning was referred to as school of hard knocks. There was a belief that the managers are born and not made. This was evident from the fact... As the essay stresses the management principles need to be applied according to the requirement of the organisation since they tend to be relative concepts. It is worthy of mentioning that each of the organisation tends to be different in comparison to other because of the timing, place as well as the socio-cultural factors. The individuals working in a same organisation may also differ. It is vital to apply a particular management principle according to the prevailing condition and context. From the report it is clear the education for the managers of the future took numerous forms, thus making the system of education complex. After a short period, the emergence of entrepreneurs because of their innovative ideas and efforts were sought. They learnt to manage because of necessity. The approach was suitable and satisfactory in those times. Since the product, market as well as the geography started to grow and diversify, the old ways of recruiting the managers became outdated and thus new ways were stimulated. The best way to recruit the top management was to put them at specialised task a step down, so that they can get an overall knowledge regarding the management. A person may be skilled at one job, however may be weak at others. After a certain period of time the diversification of the businesses gave rise to the new channels of the on-the-job development for managers since the companies were split into divisions.

Al Qaidas Next Major Domestic Attack on the United States Essay

Al Qaidas Next Major Domestic Attack on the United States - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that 21st century marked with the huge terrorist threat over the world. It goes without saying that, the Al Qaeda is the most notorious among those terrorist groups. This group maintains a vast and organized networks throughout the world. Now the Al Queda is likely to launch a huge terrorist attack mainly on the non-Islamic and developed countries of the world. Now the most warned target of Al Qaeda's massive terrorist attack in the U.S.A. However, it started its full-fledged attack on September 11, 2001, on U.S.A resulting in the ‘World Trade Centre’ totally damaged and U.S.A defense installation Pentagon was also affected badly.Though the two famous American intelligence agencies FBI and CIA guessed about the probability of a terrorist attack they could not imagine that could be such a terrible one. However, from that time those intelligent agencies are very much conscious about the further possibility of any massive terroris t attack on U.S.A by Al-Qaeda or any other terrorist group. The plan, which is focused for the first time in the Australian publication that their duration is of seven phases. They started their first horrible activities concerning U.S.A on 11th September in 2001 A.D. On that very day they attacked the world trade center known as 9/11 attack. the object of this was the awakening in the consciousness of   Mohammedans all over the world and aimed at provoking the U.S.A into announcing war on the Muslim world and mobilizing radicals.... The battalion is also spread all over the world and devoted to their assigned afforded to form their own secret battalion which is huge in number and scientifically trained. The battalion is also spread all over the world and devoted to their assigned who are not fearful about their lives rather interested to even sacrifice themselves for the sake of Islam. However another alarming thing is that, Al Qaeda does not have face any difficulties to manage the necessary manpower from the third world Islamic countries. Due to economic insufficiency and lack of proper knowledge of Islam those people do not hesitate in joining Al Qaeda network. As an ultimate result Al Qaeda is increasing its network across the world within the least possible time. 3. Probably in the year 2010 the world is going to see a terrible aggression on the secular countries like Turkey and archenemy Israel. Al Qaeda is likely take preparation towards this direction. They insist on the principle that, no anti-Islam power will be shared from the attack of al Qaeda. 4. Another alarming plan of Al Qaeda is that, it decided to run a massive attack on the hatred Arab regimes, including Saudi Arabia and Jordan and other countries. Because, those countries are the main oil suppliers of the U.S.A and other non-Muslim western countries. Attacking them, Al Qaeda wishes to destroy the enriched economy of the U.S.A creating a bar in the oil production and it's supply process to U.S.A. They also threat that the U.S.A economy will be affected with serious cyber terrorism. This attack may take place with the beginning of the year 2013 in a pre-planed way. 5. IN this phase Al Qaeda group extremely expect to establish an

BIS220 Information Systems Proposal Essay Example for Free

BIS220 Information Systems Proposal Essay Dear collegue as we embark on this adventure of starting our own Records Company, there are some things that we need to become familiar with in order to be successful. We need to get acquainted and become knowleageable with some of the different Information Systems that will help our compny be a successful one. See below for some of the necessary systems that we will be needing. Â  Integrating certain information systems within a business organization will not only prove for a faster more efficient workplace but will also improve the bottom line for company growth. Even though there are numerous information systems that can be implemented and utilized to improve the growth and expansion of the company, there are five information systems that the company should focus on utilizing: Office Automation System, Expert System, Management Information System, Electronic Commerce System, and Transaction Processing System. The recommended information systems listed in this proposal are simple to use and cost effective. Each information system needs to be evaluated based on their advantages and disadvantages, we will discuss them in detail. Management Information System (MIS): This system is in charge of managing all organizational networks and ensuring all systems are running accordingly. The MIS would also include knowledge of all employee information as well as tracking customer sales and handling company budgets. Dealing with allocated budgets could pose an ethical issue depending on the manager in charge, which, if based on a clean background check and character, should not be an issue. Office Automation System: This system will help the flow of employee productivity maintain a constant and progressive pattern. This system, or the OAS, will provide employees with the proper tools to create effective documents for everyday business related needs. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): This is needed in order to conduct daily operationsThe point of sale (POS) is one such system that can be designed make transactions efficient by collecting and storing sales transactions, generating purchase orders, and providing tracking numbers for individual sales. Data can transfer and used with accounting and inventory control software programs. These systems will follow the transaction from start point through the completed process and has the capability to capture records and data. Electronic Commerce System: This system will enable you to conduct transactions with different organizations and between your business and your consumers. Expert System: This system is the system that will approve credit cards. | The system crashing and causing us not to be able to take credit cards then leaving us without the transaction causing us not to meet our goal. Keep in mind that all of these sytems have their drawbacks and if they happen to failed they will cause a great deal of management pain withing your company. The hassles could be from time keeping with your employees to payroll problems withing the company Respectfully request you consider my proposal as it clearly meets the criteria for establishing a long and prosperous operation for your company. Again, thank you for the opportunity to provide a proposal for your business. If you have any questions, I’d be happy to meet you and discuss this proposal. Respectfully Pedro O. Beltran JOC Watch Officer/Intel Analyst SOUTHCOM J33 References: Reiner Jr, R. K., Cegielski, C. G. (2011). Introduction to Information Systems (3rd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database

Reflecting Personal Development Study Of Mental Health Nursing Nursing Essay

Reflecting Personal Development Study Of Mental Health Nursing Nursing Essay This essay will illustrate how I developed from being a novice to an expert within my three year study of mental health nursing programme. The chosen topic from my log book to be discussed will be management. Dreyfus and Dreyfus student model (1986) and Benners stages of skill acquisitions (1984) will be used to structure this essay. The stages that students go through in their skills acquisition are novice, advance beginner, competent, proficient and expert (Selinger Crease, 2006).Current evidence based literature such as mentors comments from my ropas including government policies relevant to my practice will be used to explore my strengths, limitations and experiences. Future recommendation for my post graduate as a newly registered nurse will be explored. Names of clients, practice placements and health professionals will remain anonymous to protect and respect confidential in this essay (NMC, 2008). Management is planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling in order to achieve your goals (Clark, 2009).Management also involves making good decisions, communicating effectively, motivating staff and being persuasive and sensitive (Manion, 2005).Due to the health care system changes in modern nursing it is vital for a professional nurse to acquire different skills to manage a shift regardless of your specific role (Yoder-Wise, 2003).I took an interest in presenting management as my topic of this essay mainly for the following reasons. Once am newly qualified I might face a challenge of running a shift and management skills will be essential for the shift to be efficient and effective. Management skills are also essential as they are required to obtain a job as a mental health nurse. Hewison (2004) states management in nursing is essential to delivers high standards of care. The above author further state that delivery and organisation of care has been influenced by manag ement ideas and theory throughout its history. First year of training I completed 4 placements starting with an acute ward and next being a hip replacement ward. From there I went to the community where they specialised in children with learning disabilities. My last placement was a day hospital for old people with dementia and depression; this is where I had the most exposure. In my first placement I could not under see lying problems with the patients, for example when it came to observing moods and effects patients get from taking the medication they are prescribed on. My other problem was communicating using the correct terminology in my notes and handover. Swannell (1986) defines communication as imparting or exchange of information, message, letter, etc; Social dealings (Ingram and Lavery, 2009.p.14). Communication skills are essential in healthcare as they help professionals to maximise their management (Darley, 2002). At that time my communication was poor, therefore my management was lacking as its vital and mostly an essential skill in nursing management (Adair, 2009). When I started my last placement I had done research on communication and the same principles of communication applied on different situation. At this placement I managed to reflect on my experiences as a novice, hence improving my skills (Quirk, 2006). I applied knowledge gained from research but still referred to the literature and communication principles taught in year one. I was able to communicate effectively using the right terminology in my notes, hand over, ward round and appropriately with patients. I was able to identify under lying problems portrayed by the patients and interpret them when communicating with staff. Research and applying it to practice helped my skill improve hence enhanced my management (Pilot Beck, 2004). First year of training I started off as a novice because I had minimal knowledge but could not connect it to practice (Dreyfus and Dreyfus, 1986) .Using the work of Benners (1984) Stuart (2007) describes a novice as a new student entering a clinical area without experience but expected to perform. Stuart (2007) further goes on to say they must be given rules and instructions to guide their performance, they do not see beyond the task and underlying problems with a patient. Considering experience gained in year one I was in the novice trajectory. By the end of the first year I was now fairly experienced and considered myself as an advanced beginner no longer a novice (Dreyfus Dreyfus, 1986). In my second year the first practice placement was at a day hospital for older people suffering from dementia. From there I moved to work with the community mental health team (CMHT) treating patients with different disorders. The second placement is where I gained the optimum exposure as different skills where developed. We dealt with patients discharged from acute ward and have been referred to CMHT for ongoing treatment away from hospital settings offering a wide variety of interventions tailored to their specific needs (D.O.H, 2002). My final placement in second year was elective. This was a day centre for adults 18-65 offering a large range of therapy thats beneficial to their aspects of life (France and Kramer, 2005). According to Swansburg Swansburg (2002) planning involves what to do, how, who is to do it, where its to be done and when in order to achieve goals. My last placement was a day centre for older people suffering from dementia and I developed planning skills. I was shift planning and organized daily activities according to their needs (Schultz and Videbeck, 2009). I was involved in care planning under supervision as I was assigned to a patient suffering from depression. This patient used to play in professional bands and his depression started when he stopped. I planned his recovery by completing tasks like contacting professional recording studios and looking into an option to obtain funding to buy his own equipment. This included booking suitable dates and times he can attend to record. I managed to negotiate with the studio to get 3 free sessions but had to attend only when they was no bookings for business purpose. Both my communication and planning skills where implemented succes sfully and no longer followed the maxims used during the initial stages of learning, as I had acquired my skills (Selinger Crease, 2006). Based on this experience I gained decision making skills to contribute to my management. According to Thompson and Dowding (2002) decision making should be logical, have a rationale and concentrate on how decision will be made in a real world. According to Lloyd et al (2007) decision-making is a process of gathering relevant information and analysed to make a decision. Lloyd et al (2007) further clarifies that in a clinical setting, decision making is a situation in which choice is made from a number of possible alternatives considering the outcome is weighed. I applied these skills as I gathered information like contacts and whom to call, weighing distance and cost of travelling from his home to the studio and also obtaining time of recording referring to his schedule. I also gained another management skill in organisation. According to Kneedler and Dodge (1994) organization involves the arrangement of nursing actions orderly and that actions need to be evaluated, ranked and carried out according to the nurse capabilities. I believe I evaluated and ranked my actions as I considered the patients safety, choosing a suitable recording time for both my patient and the studio by making sure its very close, accessible and its during the day. When I finished year 2 I had gained new skills and my communication skills from year one had paid off as the new skills required good communication skills. (Please see appendix 1 and 2). According to Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986) model of skill acquisition, an advance beginner has the knowledge of key working aspects in practice. I noticed this as I applied knowledge into practice, therefore found it easy applying rules in real a situation. Tsui (2003) states that advanced beginners begin to recognize situational elements, I recognized these elements easily as I had the experience as a novice according to Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986). According to Benners (1984) I managed to complete tasks using my own judgement which was acceptable to a limited extent. I started of my third year very keen to professionally modify my management skills and taking into account my skills need to adhere with the nursing and midwifery council (NMC, 2008). The first placment was in a mother and baby unit offering therapy which meet individuals physical, psychological, emotional and social needs based on evidence (DH, 2007). The next and final placement of the programme is where I had the optimum exposure in my management skills. This was an acute ward for old people suffering from organic mental health disorders. I applied all management skills acquired in year 1 and 2. At this stage I was practicing as a competent nurse according to Benners (1984). I was initiating and completing tasks without being asked or being monitored but under supervision from my mentor. Management was not only about completing the shift planner. I was now looking at the safety of the ward, reviewing general, constant and special observations, during handover, ward round and CPA. My decision making skills where implemented using assessment tools and the help of staff as we allocated appropriate levels of observations for the patients (The Scottish Government, 2002). I was planning and organizing tasks to tackle on duty and transport for transfers or appointments. I was using the diary for communication and checking tasks to be completed. I also collected and prepared information to be communicated in ward rounds, handovers and CPAs. I was organizing daily activities and decisions being made according to their needs. (Please see appendix 3). According to Cherry and Jacob (2005) stage three of Benners (1984) skills of acquisition state that competent nurses foresee long range goals and master their skills at this stage. Competent nurses are to cope with complex situations by analysing and planning (Dreyfus and Dreyfus, 1986).Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986) go on to say they have the background knowledge of area practice and ability to use their own judgement to achieve tasks. According to Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986) a proficient nurse approaches situations as a whole rather than in small portions and tackles situation according to priority. Benners (1984) further states that as they view situations as a whole their decision making is more improved and they also use maxims as guides. Tomey and Alligood (2006) state that level four of the acquisition skill, nurses stand outside the situation and at the same time be part of the situation, fully engaging in the situation. I believe in my practice I had started portraying some abilities of a proficient nurse, integrating my knowledge and experience into a whole (Jasper, 2006). I was running shifts, planning and assigned tasks, incorporating management skills learned in year one, two and three to a level of proficiency by managing ones self, ones practice and that of others. (NMC, 2004). The last part of the stage is the expert level and using Benners model (1984), Sitzman and Eichelberger (2010) state that they no longer, rely on rules, guidelines or maxims to make appropriate decisions for a situation. I believe I did not reach to the stage to fulfil the expert level but have the ability to succeed to expert level after graduating. According to Daly, Speedy and Jackson (2010) reflection is a process of monitoring practice to enable you to improve it. They go on and further state that the following are essential when reflecting, self-appraisal, research for practice, everyday reviewing of practice, feelings and belief, and the consequences. This is the part where I reflect my practice in order to enhance and maintain my practice within competent to expert level for my future practice as a registered nurse. Focused will be my managerial skills to reach expert level. As a newly qualified I will make use of clinical supervision as an opportunity to improve and continue professional development (Royal College of Nursing, 2003).I will engage myself into lifelong learning that will be of benefit to the service users and my profession. This will extend my skills hence making it easier to manage when in critical situations (D.H, 1999). This will also enable me to maintain high standard of care, therefore enhancing manag ement skills (D.H, 2006).I will continue using evidence based practice to offer best possible care and practice(D.H, 2006). I will also avoid favouritism and discrimination amongst staff as they are good management skills (Marriner-Tomey, 2004).This is further supported by Woods (2005) who encourages democratic management as it encourages those you delegate to, to be part of the team and feel valued. I will be aware of the policies and procedures as its essential to understand your work role and responsibilities in the work place hence helps in managing and guide day to day operations (Fradd, 2004).Above all I will undergo a period of preceptorship as a newly qualified, therefore this will provide a structured, supportive bridge during my transition from a student to a practitioner in my managerial skills and other skills (Illingworth and Singleto, 2010). To conclude, after going through both five stages of Dreyfus and Deryfus (1984) and Benners (1984) I also got the opportunity to reflect my three year practice as a whole, therefore this enabled me to see areas I will need to improve in management. I will work towards being an expert as I progress into my profession . Contexts of Nursing   By John Daly, Sandra Speedy, Debra Jackson/2010/Elsevier/ -Perioperative patient care: the nursing perspective   By Julia A. Kneedler, Gwen H. Dodge,1994